Äê½ø»¯µÄ½á¹û¡£Õâ¸ö½ø<br /><img src="http://img2.allvoices.com/thumbs/event/900/570/64960044-ancient-heroine.jpg"/>¯ Category úsearch· Sms ÔsearchÚ Trimmingsexystrippedmomanddaughter ¿search»searchösearchö Poruke å Poruke ¼ Sms ôsearch Trimmingsexystrippedmomanddaughter Ë Category »searchÜsearch¥ Trimmingsexystrippedmomanddaughter ýsearchÄ Poruke ° Trimmingsexystrippedmomanddaughter ì¡searchÎsearch<br />ÃǽñÌì·¢ÏÖµÄÖÖÖÖģʽ£¬Ö»Óа´ÕÕ½ø»¯Â۵Ĺ۵ã²Å¿É<br />ÄÜÓÐÒâÒå¡£<br />¹æÂÉ 3£º¡°¶Ô¶¯<br />ÎïÖÖÓÐÀû¡±ÏÖ<br />Ïó²¢²»´æÔÚ<br />¶ÔÓÚÄÇЩ¿´ÆðÀ´¶Ô¸öÌåÊÇ»¨·ÑµÄÓлúÌåÐÐΪģʽ£¬ÈÏ<br />ΪÆä³öÏÖÊÇÓÉÓÚ¡°¶ÔÎïÖÖÓÐÀû¡±µÄÕâÖÖÏë·¨ÊÇÒ»¸ö·Ç<br />³£ÆÕ±éµÄÎó½â¡£ÕâÊǾø¶ÔºÍÍêÈ«´íÎóµÄ¡£×ÔȻѡÔñ½«<br />»áÓÐÀûÓÚÄÇЩ´«¸ø´ó¶àÊýºóÒáµÄ»ùÒò£¬¼´Ê¹ÕâЩ»ùÒò<br />ÓпÉÄܵ¼ÖÂÎïÖÖÖÖȺ´óСµÄϽµ¡£<br />Rule 2 Ecology is only understandable in the light of evolution.<br />The huge diversity of organisms,and the wealth of variety in<br />their morphologies,physiologies and behavior are all the<br />result of many millions of years of evolution,Thos<br />evolutionary history has left an indelible impression on each<br />and every individual,It is only possible to make sense of the<br />patterns we find today in the light of this evolutionary legacy.<br />Rule 3 Nothing happens¡¯ for the good of the species¡¯.<br />A very common misconception is the idea that patterns of<br />behavior in organisms which appear to be costly to an<br />individual occur¡® for the good of the species¡®,This is<br />absolutely and completely wrong,Natural selection will<br />favor those genes which are passed on to the most offspring,<br />even if these genes may cause a reduction in the<br />species¡®population size.<br />¹æÂÉ 4£º»ùÒòºÍ<br />»·¾³¶¼ºÜÖØÒª<br />ÓлúÌå×Ô¼ºËù´¦µÄ»·¾³£¬¶ÔÓÚËüÔÚ¿ª·ÅµÄ¸÷ÖÖÑ¡ÔñÖÐ<br />¾ö¶¨È¡ÉáÉÏ£¬¾ßÓÐÖØÒªµÄ×÷Ó᣾ö¶¨ÓÐȨÌå¹¹ÔìµÄ»ù<br />Òò£¬Í¬Ñù¾ßÓиù±¾µÄÖØÒªÐÔ¡£ÕâÁ½·½ÃæÒòËصĻù±¾ÐÔ<br />Öʼ°ÆäÏ໥×÷Ó㬶ÔÓÚÀí½âÉú̬ѧ¶¼ÊǺÜÖØÒªµÄ¡£<br />¹æÂÉ 5£ºÀí½â¸´<br />ÔÓÐÔÒªÇóÄ£ÐÍ<br />Éú̬ѧÊÇÒ»¸´ÔӵĶÔÏ󣬼¸ºõÿһ¸ö³ß¶È¶¼ÓдóÁ¿±ä<br />Òì ¡ª¡ªÒÚÍò¸öÖÖ£¬Ã¿ÖÖÓдóÁ¿»ùÒò±äÒ죬ÔÚ¸´ÔӺͶ¯<br />̬µÄ»·¾³ÖÐÓб仯×ŵÄÊýÁ¿ºÍËæʱ¼ä¶ø¸Ä±äµÄÐÐΪ¡£<br />ΪÁËÀí½âËü£¬±ØÐèÇå³þµÄÈÏÃ÷ÌØÒìÎÊÌ⣬ȻºóÐγɿÉ<br />ÒÔ¼ìÑéµÄ¼ÙÉè¡£ÒÔÊýѧµÄ˼Ïë·½·¨¹¹Ôì¼Ù˵³£³£ÊǺÜ<br />ÓÐÓõģ¬¿ÉÒԶ㿪ÔÚÓïÑÔÄ£ÐÍÖв»ÄܱÜÃâµÄº¬ºý²»Çå<br />ºÍ»ìÏý¡£ÊýѧģÐÍÔÚÉú̬ѧÀï±»¹ã·ºµÄÓ¦Óá£<br />Rule 4 Genes and environment are both important,<br />The environment an organism finds itself in plays an<br />important role in determining the options open to that<br />individual,The genes which define an organism¡®s makeup<br />are also of fundamental importance,To understand ecology<br />it is important to appreciate the fundamental nature of both<br />of these factors and the fact that they interact.<br />Rule 5 Understanding complexity requires models.<br />Ecology is a complex subject,with huge variation at<br />almost every scale-millions of species,each with<br />considerable genetic variation,varying numbers and<br />ever-changing behaviors in a complex and dynamic<br />environment,To understand it,it is necessary to clearly<br />identify specific questions and then formulate hypotheses<br />which can be tested,It is often very useful to frame the<br />hypothesis in mathematical terms to avoid ambiguity and<br />confusion which are often inevitable in a verbal model,<br />Mathematical models are widely used in ecology.<br />¹æÂÉ 6£º¡°½²¹Ê<br />Ê¡±ÊÇΣÏÕµÄ<br />ÔÚ´òËã½âÊÍÉú̬ѧÖÖÖÖģʽ»òÏ໥¹ØϵµÄʱºò£¬ÈËÃÇ<br />ºÜÈÝÒ×»¬µ½Ðé¼ÙÊÀ½çÖ®ÖУ¬Ã¿Ò»¸ö¹Û²ì¶¼ºÜÈÝÒ׵ı»<br />ijÌØÉèµÄ¶ÏÑÔ£¨ËùνµÄ¡°½²¹ÊÊ¡±£©Ëù½âÊÍÁË¡£ÎÞÂÛ<br />ÈçºÎ£¬×ÜÏëÈ¥Íƽø¼ÙÉèʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÓ¦¸Ã±ÜÃâµÄ¡£<br />¹æÂÉ 7£ºÒªÓзÖ<br />²ã´ÎµÄ½âÊÍ<br />¶ÔÓÚÈκι۲죬³£³£¿ÉÒÔʶ±ð³öÒ»¸öÖ±½ÓµÄÔ­Òò£¬µ«<br />ÕâÖÖÒò¹û½âÊÍÍùÍùÊÇ×ÊÁϲ»×ãµÄ£¬ÎÒÃÇÐèÒª½øÒ»²½Ì½<br />Ë÷£¬ÒÔ´ïµ½¸üÍêÈ«µÄץסÇé¿ö¡£¼´Ê¹ÊÇÏÖÏóÒѾ­±»<br />¡°½âÊÍ¡±ÁË£¬¸ü½øÒ»²½ºÍ¸üÉîÈëµÄ½âÊÍÒ²ÊǺܺõģ¬<br />ËüÔÊÐíÎÒÃÇ¿´¼û¸üÍêÈ«µÄÇé¾°¡£<br />Rule 6 ¡®Story-telling¡¯ is dangerous.<br />In attempting to explain ecological patterns or<br />relationships,it is easy to slip into a make-believe<br />world where every observation is readily explained by<br />some ad hoc assertion ¨C?story-telling¡®,The temptation<br />to advance hypotheses as facts should be avoided at all<br />costs.<br />Rule 7 There are hierarchies of explanations.<br />For any observation there is often an immediate cause<br />that can be diagnosed,Often this causal explanation is<br />insufficiently informative and we need to probe deeper<br />to reach a fuller grasp of the situation,Even if a<br />phenomenon is ?explained¡® there may well be further<br />and deeper explanations which allow us to see the<br />fuller picture.<br />¹æÂÉ 8£ºÓлúÌå<br />¾ßÓкܶàÏÞÖÆ<br />ÓлúÌå±íÏÖ³öÀ´µÄÐÎ̬¡¢¹¦Äܺͻ·¾³ÊÊÓ¦Á¦µÄ×ܶàÑù<br />ÐÔÊÇÁîÈ˾ªÌ¾µÄ£¬Ã¿¸ö¸öÌ壨ºÍÿһ¸öÖÖ£¬µ«½ÏÉÙ³Ì<br />¶È£©ÔòÔÚÏà¶Ô½ÏСµÄÔ¼Êø·¶Î§ÖÐÔËת¡£Ô¼Êø»ù±¾ÉÏÓÐ<br />Á½Àࣺ£¨ i£©ÎïÀíµÄ£¬£¨ ii£©½ø»¯µÄ¡£ÓÉÓÚÕâЩԼÊø£¬½ø<br />»¯´ÓÀ´¾ÍûÓдﵽ¡°ÍêÉÆ¡±¹ý£¬ÓлúÌå»ù±¾ÉÏÊÇÐí¶à<br />Í×ЭµÄÔӻ⡣<br />Rule 8 There are multiple constraints on organisms.<br />Whilst the total diversity of form,function and<br />environmental resilience exhibited by organisms is awe-<br />inspiring,each individual (and,to a slightly lesser<br />extent,each species) operates within a relatively narrow<br />range of constraints,Constraints fundamentally take<br />two forms,(i) physical and (ii) evolutionary,Evolution<br />cab never reach ?perfection¡® because of these<br />constraints and organisms are essentially hotchpotches<br />of numerous compromises,<br />¹æÂÉ 9£º»ú»áÊÇ<br />ÖØÒªµÄ<br />Ëæ»úʼþÔÚÉú̬ѧÖÐÆð¹Ø¼üÐÔµÄ×÷Óá£ÁÖ¹ÚÖгöÏÖÁÖ<br />´°»òɳÇðÔڷ籩ºóÁÑ¿Ú£¬¶ÔÓÚµ±µØ¶¯Ö²ÎïÇøϵ½«ÓÐÖØ<br />ÒªµÄÓ°Ï죬µ«ÊÇ£¬ÁÖ´°ºÍÁÑ¿Ú³öÏÖµÄʱ¼äºÍµØµã¶¼ÊÇ<br />²»¿ÉÔ¤²âµÄ¡£»ú»áµÄ×÷ÓÃÒ²ÓëÓлúÌå¹ýÈ¥½ø»¯×ÛºÏÔÚ<br />Ò»Æð¡£Éú̬ѧÖлú»áʼþµÄÖØÒªÐÔ²¢²»Òâζ×ÅÉú̬ѧ<br />ÖеÄģʽÊÇÍêÈ«²»¿ÉÔ¤²âµÄ£¬µ«ÊÇËü±ØÈ»ÊÇλÓÚÔ¤ÑÔ<br />ϸ½ÚµÄDZÔÚˮƽ֮±ßÔµ¡£<br />¹æÂÉ 10£ºÔÚÉú<br />̬ѧ¼ÒÐÄÄ¿ÖÐ<br />µÄÉú̬ѧ±ß½ç<br />Éú̬ѧÊÇÒ»ÃŹ㷺µÄ¿Æѧ£¬¸²¸Ç×ÅÉúÎïºÍÎïÀí»·¾³£¬<br />´Ó¶ø×÷ΪDZÔÚÏà¹ØµÄ£¬ºÜÉÙÓб»ÅųýÔÚÍâµÄÁË¡£Êýѧ¡¢<br />»¯Ñ§ºÍÎïÀíѧ¶¼ÊÇÀí½âÉú̬ѧµÄ»ù±¾¹¤¾ß¡£<br />Rule 9 Chance is important.<br />Chance events play a critical role in ecology,The<br />opening of a gap in a forest canopy or the breaching of<br />a sand dunce after a storm will have a major impact on<br />the ecology of the local fauna and flora,but both are<br />unpredictable in either time or location,The<br />importance of chance events in ecology does not mean<br />ecological patterns are wholly unpredictable,but it<br />necessarily places boundaries on the potential level of<br />predictive detail.<br />Rule 10 There boundaries of ecology are in the mind of the ecologist.<br />Ecology is a broad science,covering both organisms<br />and physical environments and hence excludes little as<br />potentially relevant,Mathematics,chemistry and<br />physics are tools essential to the understanding of<br />ecology.<br />B1 ÊÊ Ó¦<br />ÊÊ ºÏ ¶È Êʺ϶ÈÊǸöÌåÉú²úÄÜ´æ»îºó´ú¡¢²¢ÄܶÔδÀ´ÊÀ´úÓй±<br />Ï×µÄÄÜÁ¦µÄÖ¸±ê¡£¸öÌåµÄÏà¶ÔÊʺ϶ÈÊÇÓб仯µÄ£¬Õâ<br />Öֱ仯²¿·Ö¾ö¶¨ÓÚ¸öÌåµÄÒÅ´«Çø±ð£¬²¿·Ö¾ö¶¨ÓÚ»·¾³<br />µÄÓ°Ïì¡£<br />×ÔȻѡÔñ ÖÖÖоßÓÐ×î¸ßÊʺ϶ȵĸöÌ彫»á¶ÔδÀ´ÊÀ´ú×÷³öÌرð<br />¸ßµÄ¹±Ïס£Èç¹ûÊʺ϶ȵIJî±ðº¬ÓÐÒÅ´«µÄ³É·Ö£¬Ôòºó<br />´úµÄÒÅ´«×é³É»áÓиı䡣Õâ¸ö¹ý³Ì³ÆΪ×ÔȻѡÔñ»ò<br />¡°×îÊÊÕßÉú´æ¡±¡£<br />Òª µã<br />B1 ADAPTATION<br />Key Notes<br />Fitness is measure of the ability of an individual to produce<br />viable offspring and contribute to future generations,<br />Individuals vary in their relative fitness,and this variation is<br />due partly to genetic differences among individuals and<br />partly to environmental influences.<br />The individuals in a species which have the highest fitness will<br />contribute disproportionately to the subsequent generations,If<br />fitness differences have a genetic component,then the genetic<br />make-up of the subsequent generations will be altered,This<br />process is known as natural selection or ?survival of the fittest¡®.<br />Fitness<br />Natural selection<br />ÊÊ Ó¦ ÓлúÌåËù¾ßÓеÄÓÐÖúÓÚÉú´æºÍÉúÖ³µÄÈκοÉÒÅ´«ÌØÕ÷<br />¶¼ÊÇÊÊÓ¦¡£ÊÊÓ¦ÐÔÌØÕ÷¿ÉÒÔÊÇÉúÀíµÄ»òÐÐΪµÄ¡£ÊÊÓ¦<br />ÊÇ×ÔȻѡÔñµÄ½á¹û¡£<br />»ùÒòÐͺͱíÐÍ »ùÒòÐÍÊǸöÌåµÄÒÅ´«×é³É¡£±íÐÍÊǸ÷¸öÓлúÌ壬ËüÊÇ<br />»ùÒòÐÍÓë»·¾³µÄÏ໥×÷ÓõIJúÎï¡£ÓÉÓÚ»·¾³¶Ô»ùÒòÐÍ<br />µÄÓ°Ï죬±íÐÍ·¢Éú±ä»¯µÄÄÜÁ¦½Ð×ö ±íÐÍ¿ÉËÜÐÔ £¨ÈçÈË<br />µÄɹºÚ¡¢·çÔìÐεÄÖ²Îï¡¢»È³æµÄµ¥Éú»òȺ¾ÓÐÍ£©¡£<br />Ïà¹ØÖ÷Ìâ Éú̬ѧµÄ 10¸ö¹æÂÉ£¨ A2£© ÎïÖÖÐγɣ¨ 02£©<br />ÒÅ´«±äÒ죨 01£©<br />Any heritable trait possessed by an organism which aids<br />survival or reproduction is an adaptation,Such traits may<br />be physiological,morphological or behavioral,Adaptation<br />is the result of natural selection.<br />The genotype is the genetic composition of an individual,<br />The phenotype is the individual organism,a product of the<br />interaction between its genotype environmental influences<br />on its genotype is known as phenotypic plasticity (e.g,<br />human suntan,wind-shaped plants locust morph (solitary<br />or migratory)).<br />Related topics Ten rules in ecology (A2) Speciation (O2)<br />Genetic Variation (O1)<br />Adaptation<br />Genotype and<br />phenotype<br />B2 Ó¦¸¶»·¾³±äÒì<br />Òª µã<br />Ìõ ¼þ ÒýÆðÓлúÌå¶ÔÆä·´Ó¦µÄ, ¿É±äµÄ»·¾³Òò×ÓÊÇÌõ¼þ<br />(conditions),ÀýÈçζÈ, Ëá¶ÈºÍÑÎ¶È ¡£ Ìõ¼þÊDz»¿ÉÄܱ»<br />¼õÉÙµÄ ¡ª¡ªËü ²» ÄÜ ±» ÓÐ »ú Ìå Óà µô »ò Ïû ºÄ µô ¡£<br />×Ê Ô´ ÓлúÌåÏûºÄµÄÈκζ«Î÷£¬¶Ô¸ÃÓлúÌå¶øÑÔ£¬¾ÍÊÇ×ÊÔ´¡£<br />ÀýÈ磬ÃÛÊÇÃÛ·äµÄ×ÊÔ´£¬¹âÊÇÒ»ÇÐÂÌÉ«Ö²ÎïµÄ×ÊÔ´¡£<br />Key Notes<br />Variable environmental factors which organisms respond to<br />are conditions,Examples include temperature,acidity and<br />salinity,Conditions are not depletable ¨C they are not used up<br />or consumed by an organism.<br />Anything which the organism uses up or depletes is a<br />resource for that organism,Thus,nectar is a resource for<br />honey bees,and light is a resource for all green plants.<br />B2 COPING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL<br />VARIATION<br />Conditions<br />Resources<br />»·¾³±äÒì ´ó¶àÊýÓлúÌ嶼±ØÐëÓ¦¸¶ÔÚÒ»¶¨Ê±¼ä³ß¶È·¶Î§ÄÚ²»¶Ï<br />±ä»¯×ŵÄÍâ½ç»·¾³¡£Ä³Ð©»·¾³Òò×ӵı仯ÒÔÃë»ò·Ö¼Æ<br />£¨Èçµ±ÓÐÔÆ¿éʱµÄÑô¹âÇ¿¶È£©£¬ÁíһЩÒò×ӵı仯ÒÔ<br />ÈÕ»ò¼¾¼Æ£¬ÉõÖÁ¸ü³¤¸ü³¤µÄʱÆÚ£¨Èç±ùºÓÖÜÆÚ£©¡£<br />ÄÚ µ÷ ½Ú ÉúÎïϸ°û²»¿ÉÄÜÔÚ¾çÁҵı䶯»·¾³ÖÐÔËÐУ¬Òò´Ë£¬ÓÐ<br />»úÌåÒª²ÉÈ¡ Ðж¯ÒÔÏÞÖÆÆäÄÚ»·¾³µÄ±äÒìÐÔ¡£<br />Most organisms have to cope with a continually changing<br />external environment over a range of timescales,Some<br />environmental factors may change over seconds or<br />minutes (e.g,sunlight intensity when,there is patchy cloud)<br />whilst others may change daily or seasonally or over a<br />much change daily or seasonally or over a much longer<br />period (e.g,glaciation cycles).<br />Environmental<br />variation<br />Biological cells cannot function with a wildly<br />fluctuating environment and organisms therefore take<br />steps to limit their internal variation.<br />Internal<br />regulation<br />ÎÈ Ì¬ ÓлúÌåÔڿɱ䶯µÄÍⲿ»·¾³ÖÐά³ÖÒ»¸öÏà¶Ôºã¶¨µÄÄÚ<br />²¿»·¾³£¬³ÆΪÎÈ̬£¨ homeostasis£©¡£Ò»ÇÐÓлúÌ嶼²É<br />È¡Ò»¶¨³Ì¶ÈµÄÎÈ̬¿ØÖÆ£¬µ«ÊÇÒ»°ãµØ˵£¬´óÐÍÓлúÌå<br />±ÈСÐ͵ĸüÒ×´ÓÆäÍⲿ»·¾³ÖÐÍËñ decouple£©¡£<br />¸º ·´ À¡ ´ó¶àÊýÉúÎïµÄÎÈ̬»úÖÆÒÔ´óÖÂÒ»ÑùµÄ·½Ê½Æð×÷ÓãºÈç<br />¹ûÒ»¸öÒò×ÓµÄÄÚ²¿Ë®Æ½£¨ÈçζȻòÉø͸ÐÔ£©Ì«¸ß£¬¸Ã<br />»úÖƽ«¼õÉÙËü£»Èç¹ûˮƽ̫µÍ£¬¾ÍÌá¸ßËü¡£Õâ¸ö¹ý³Ì<br />½Ð×ö¸º·´À¡¡£¸º·´À¡·´Ó¦µÄ·½ÏòÓëÐźŵÄÏà·´¡£<br />The maintenance of a relatively constant internal<br />environment by an organism in a variable external<br />environment is called homeostasis,All organisms adopt<br />a degree of homeostatic control,but,as t rule,large<br />organisms are more decoupled from their external<br />environment than small ones.<br />Most biological homeostatic mechanisms act in a<br />broadly similar way,if the current internal level of a<br />factor(e.g.temperature or osmolarity) is too high,the<br />mechanism will reduce it; if the level is too low the<br />mechanism will increase it,This process,by which the<br />response is opposite to the signal,is known as negative<br />feedback.<br />Homeostasis<br />Negative feedback<br />ÄÍ ÊÜ ÐÔ ÓлúÌåÄܹ»Ó¦¸¶ÆäÍⲿ»·¾³µÄ±ä»¯£¨ËäÈ»²»Í¬ÎïÖʱí<br />Ïֺܲ»Ïàͬ£©¡£ÖֵijÉÔ±Äܹ»Éú´æµÄ»·¾³Ìõ¼þÉÏÏÞºÍ<br />ÏÂÏÞÊÇÖÖµÄÄÍÊÜÏ޶ȡ£Ôڴ˼«¶ËÌõ¼þÏÂͨ³£²»³öÏÖÉú<br />³¤£¬µ«ÔÚÌõ¼þ¸üÏÁÕ­µÄ·¶Î§ÄÚÄÜÉú³¤£¬¶øÊʺ϶È×î´ó<br />Ö»ÄܳöÏÖÔÚ¸üÕ­µÄ×îÊÊ·¶Î§ÄÚ¡£<br />Ïà¹ØÖ÷Ìâ Ö²ÎïÓëË®£¨¼û D2£© ¶ÔζȵÄÏìÓ¦£¨¼û E2£©<br />¶¯ÎïÓëË®£¨¼û D3£© Ì«Ñô·øÉäÓëÖ²Î¼û F1£©<br />Organisms can cope with variation in their external<br />environment (though different species may differ markedly),<br />The upper and lower extremes of species limits of tolerance,<br />Usually,growth will not occur at these extremes but in a<br />narrower range of conditions,and fitness will be greatest<br />only for a yet narrower optimal range.<br />Plants and water (D2) responses to<br />temperature (E2)<br />Animals and water (D3) solar radiation and<br />plants (F1)<br />Related topics<br />tolerance<br />B3 Éú ̬ λ<br />Òª µã<br />ÓлúÌåµÄÉú̬루 niche£©ÊÇËüÔÚËüµÄ»·¾³ÖÐËù´¦µÄλ<br />Ö㬰üÀ¨Ëü·¢Ïֵĸ÷ÖÖÌõ¼þ¡¢ËùÀûÓõÄ×ÊÔ´ºÍÔÚÄÇÀï<br />µÄʱ¼ä¡£<br />ÓлúÌåµÄÆÜÏ¢µØ£¨ habitat£¬»òÒëÉú¾³£©ÊÇËüËù´¦µÄÎïÀí<br />»·¾³£¬ÀýÈ磬δøÀ«Ò¶ÁÖ¡£Ã¿Ò»¸öÆÜÏ¢µØÌṩÐí¶àÉú<br />̬λ¡£<br />¶¨ÒåÓлúÌåÉú̬λµÄÿһ¸öÌõ¼þºÍ×ÊÔ´£¬¶ÔÓÚÓлúÌå<br />ÄܳöÏֵĿռäÌṩһ¸öά¶È¡£Ò»Æð¿¼ÂÇËùÓÐά¶È£¬È«<br />ÃæÈ·¶¨µÄÓлúÌåµÄÉú̬룬ÊǶàάÉú̬λ¿Õ¼ä£¬»ò,n-<br />ά³¬Ìå»ý¡±¡£<br />Éú ̬ λ<br />ÆÜ Ï¢ µØ<br />¶àάÉú̬λ¿Õ¼ä<br />The ecological niche of an organism is the position it<br />fills in its environment,comprising the conditions<br />under which it is found,the resources it utilizes and<br />the time it occurs there.<br />Key Notes<br />The habitat of an organism is the physical<br />environment it is found in,for example,a temperate<br />broad-leaved woodland,Each habitat provides.<br />Each condition or resource which defines the niche<br />of an organism contributes one dimension to the<br />space in which the organism¡®s niche,and is the<br />multidimensional niche space,or¡®n-dimensional<br />hypervolume¡®.<br />B3 THE NICHE<br />Niche<br />Habitat<br />Multidimensional<br />niche space<br />»ù´¡Éú̬λ ÔÚû¾ºÕùºÍ²¶Ê³Ìõ¼þÏ£¬ÓлúÌåµÄÉú̬λ¿Õ¼ä½Ð×ö»ù<br />´¡Éú̬루 fundamental niche£©¡£<br />Ïà¹ØÖ÷Ìâ ¾ºÕùµÄÐÔÖÊ£¨¼û I1£© ×ÊÔ´·ÖÅ䣨¼û I3£©<br />ÖÖÄÚ¾ºÕù£¨¼û I2£©<br />ʵ¼ÊÉú̬λ µ±ÓоºÕùºÍ²¶Ê³³öÏÖʱ£¬ÓлúÌåËùÕ¼ÓеÄÉú̬λ¿Õ¼ä<br />ÊÇʵ¼ÊÉú̬루 realized niche£©£¬Êµ¼ÊÉú̬λʼÖÕÊÇ»ù<br />´¡Éú̬λµÄÒ»¸ö×Ó¼¯¡£<br />The niche space an organism can fill in the absence of<br />competition or predation is known as the fundamental<br />niche.<br />The niche space occupied by an organism when<br />competition and predation occur is the realized niche,<br />which is always a subset of the fundamental niche.<br />The nature of competition (11) Resource<br />partitioning(13)<br />Intraspecific competition (12)<br />Fundamental niche<br />Realized niche<br />Related topics<br />C1 Ì«Ñô·øÉäÓëÆøºò<br />Òª µã<br />Ì«Ñô·øÉä Ì«ÑôÄÜʹµØÇòÉϵÄÆøºò²úÉú±ä»¯¡£Ì«ÑôµÄÄÜÁ¿µ½´ïµØÇò<br />ÉÏʱ£¬¸ßÄÜÁ¿µÄ¹â²¨±»µØÇòÎüÊÕ£¬²¢ÒÔÈÈ·øÉäµÄÐÎʽÔÙ<br />ÊͷųöÀ´¡£±»¼ÓÈȵĿÕÆøÉÏÉý£¬Óë´ËͬʱÅòÕÍ¡£´ËÅòÕÍ<br />ÎüÊÕÁË¿ÕÆøÖеÄÄÜÁ¿£¬µ¼Ö¿ÕÆøζÈϽµ£¬Õâ¸ö¹ý³Ì³Æ<br />Ϊ¾øÈÈÀäÈ´¡£<br />Key Notes<br />Solar energy drives climatic processes,Energy from the<br />sun strikes the Earth where high-energy wavelengths of<br />light are absorbed and re-emitted in the form of radiant<br />heat,Warmed air rises,a