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Madonna videographyFrom pedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation,searchSee also: Madonna albums discography and Madonna singles discographyMadonna video discographyMadonna performing on her 2008–2009 Sticky & Sweet TourReleases↙Music videos66↙Concert tour videos9↙Video compilations4↙Video singles4↙Documentaries2The videography of American recording artist Madonna consists of sixty-six music videos, eight concert tour videos, four music video compilations, four music video singles and two documentaries. In 1982 Madonna signed a recording contract with Sire Records, a label owned by Warner Bros. Records, and released her first two singles before launching her eponymous debut album.[1] Madonna's first music video was for the single "Everybody", for which Sire Records created a low budget, in-house video.[2] Her first video to receive attention on MTV was "Borderline" which was followed by "Lucky Star".[3] In 1984 Madonna released "Like a Virgin", the lead single from her sophomore album of the same name. The video portrayed Madonna roaming through the streets of Venice and lying in a white wedding dress.[4] The same year she also released the follow-up single, "Material Girl".[5] Madonna's third studio album, True Blue, was released in 1986. The video for the lead single, "Live to Tell", ushered in a new image for Madonna.[6] With the video of "True Blue", Madonna's impact on MTV and popular music was established when a contest entitled Making My Video, was held to create a music video for the song.[7] "La Isla Bonita" and "Who's That Girl", both released in 1987, portrayed Madonna's fascination with Hispanic culture and the inclusion of religious symbolism.[8] In 1989 Madonna signed a $5 million deal with Pepsi to use her song "Like a Prayer" in one of their commercial advertisements. Madonna also wanted to use the commercial for the global debut of the song and her similar titled studio album. However, when Madonna released the actual music video of the song it faced strong reaction from religious groups and media. The video portrayed Madonna dancing in front of burning crosses, receiving stigmata, kissing a black saint and having sex with him in a church altar.[9] Her other notable videos released that year included "Express Yourself" and "Cherish" which were critically appreciated for their positive feminist themes.[10]In 1990 Madonna released the song "Vogue", which portrayed the underground gay subculture dance routine called voguing, as well as the glamorous look of Hollywood stars.[11] The same year she released "Justify My Love", whose video featured Madonna in an erotic dream containing sadomasochism, voyeurism and bisexuality. MTV deemed the video too explicit and banned it from airing on their channel.[12] In 1992 Madonna released her fifth studio album, Erotica. The similar titled lead single's video portrayed Madonna as a masked dominatrix.[13] The video of "Deeper and Deeper" portrayed Madonna as Andy Warhol's protégé Edie Sedgwick.[14] The video for "Bad Girl" portrayed a murdered Madonna. In 1994 she released "Secret", the lead single from her sixth studio album, Bedtime Stories. The video showed scenes of rebirth, transvestites and damnation, which are interspersed with Madonna walking down a street to her home.[15] In 1995 she released "Bedtime Story" from the same album. It portrayed a dream sequence, inspired by paintings of artists such as Frida Kahlo and Remedios Varo while incorporating new age surrealistic images.[16] In 1998, Madonna released her seventh studio album, Ray of Light. The music video for the lead single, "Frozen", ushered in a new image for her with the incorporation of Indian influences.[17] The video for the title single was a high-speed one, portraying people going through their daily lives, with images of Madonna in black denim dancing to the music.[18] Her fascination and incorporation of South Asian culture continued with the video of "Nothing Really Matters" (1999) where she appeared as a geisha.[19]In 2000 Madonna released her eighth studio album, Music. The title single featured her in the role of a pimp while changing her image to that of a glamorous cowgirl.[20] The video for the last single, "What It Feels Like for a Girl", portrayed Madonna going around the city in a car, accompanied by an old woman, and vandalising as well as committing crimes.[21] This fascination for violence continued with the music videos of "Die Another Day" (2002) and "American Life" (2003), the lead single from her similar titled ninth studio album.[22] The video for the latter, shot pre-Iraq war of 2003, portrayed a military-chic fashion show.[23] Madonna's tenth studio album, Confessions on a Dance Floor, was released in 2005. The video for the lead single, "Hung Up", was a tribute to John Travolta and his movies.[24] Her eleventh studio album, Hard Candy, was released in 2008; its lead single,, little damage was inflicted on the Golden Temple.[27] In what was reported as a successful operation, around 200 Sikhs surrendered, 41 were killed and 2 committed suicide. Gill stated that he did not want to repeat the mistakes made by Indian army during Operation Blue Star.[28] This operation was described as a severe setback to the Khalistan movement. In contrast to prior operations, minimum force was used under full public scrutiny.[29][30]1991 saw the peak of violence in Punjab, with more than 5000 reported killed. In 1992, the Indian government, "intent on retaking Punjab from terrorism", appointed KPS Gill chief of the police in Punjab. The police and army instituted a crackdown, and in 1993 the reported death toll was less than 500. In 1993, The New York Times reported, the people of Punjab no longer feared the Sikh "rebels or gangs", but instead feared the army and police. [31]Jaswant Singh Khalra was a human rights activist who was taken into custody by Punjab Police on 6 September 1995.[7] Human Rights Watch reported that a September 11, 1995 writ of habeas corpus from the Supreme Court was presented to DGP Gill,[32] and officials denied that police had detained him.[7] (2005 testimony by Special Police Officer Kuldeep Singh indicated that Gill later visited Khalra in October 1995, a few days before Khalra was killed.[8][33])1995 - 1999Gill founded the Institute for Conflict Management (ICM) [34] [35] [36] [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] and was its first[42] president. [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] Press reports noted that he ran[6][49][50] the ICM.Gill began advising governments on counter-terrorism matters.[6][18]In 1997, the Chief minister of Assam state Prafulla Kumar Mahanta requested his services as security advisor. However since the sexual harassment case against him was pending he was not able to take this appointment.[1]In 1999, Delhi Police arrested Richhpal Singh, who was allegedly a Babbar Khalsa suicide bomber on a mission to assassinate Gill. He arrived in Delhi from Pakistan on an Afghan passport. Two kilograms of the explosive RDX, four detonators, and some "live wire"[clarification needed] were recovered from him.[51] In an interview after this incident, Gill claimed that he had been a target of four or five such assassination attempts by Babbar Khalsa, and that he was not afraid.[52]2000 - 2004In 2000 the government of Sri Lanka sought his expertise as an anti-terrorism expert to help them draw a comprehensive counter terrorism strategy against Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam[53] He was approached by Lakshman Kadirgamar who was the foreign minister of Sri Lanka[54] After the defeat of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam the similarity in the tactics used by Sri Lanka with the tactics used by Gill in Punjab was noted in an article published in India Today[55]He was appointed security adviser to the state of Gujarat after 2002 Gujarat violence.[6] Gujarat Chief minister Narendra Modi commenting on his appointment stated “It is good to have an experienced person such as Gill as my security advisor. Gill had very effectively tackled the Punjab terrorism problem.”[56] He requested deployment of 1,000 extra specially-trained riot police from Punjab state to combat the violence.[57] He was credited with controlling violence after his appointment.[58][59][60][61] He arrived in Gujarat on May 3, 2002[62] He subsequently blamed a 'small group' of people for the Gujarat riots.[63]In April 2003, there was a report that KPS Gill was being considered for the position of governor of Assam. The Northeast Study Group, of which Gill is a member, had advised against assigning a state's previous security personnel to a state as governor. Chief minister of state of Assam agreed, noting that Gill had served as Inspector-General there in the early 1980s.[20]Martin Regg Cohn argued in a Toronto Star editorial that policies followed in Panjab by KPS Gill should be utilized in fighting the Taliban in Afghanistan. [64] An academic paper, "The Gill Doctrine: A Model for 21st Century Counterterrorism?", analysing his tactics in the successful fight against the Punjab insurgency was presented at the annual meeting of American Political Science Association on Aug 30, 2007.[65]2005 - 2009The government of Chattisgarh state in India appointed him a security adviser to help control Naxalites in 2006.[66] After an attack by Naxalites killed 55 policemen in 2007 Gill commented that the issue was one of "underdevelopment in police forces. The state policy was to leave these tribal areas alone and that gave Naxalites a base. There used to be just 3,000 police for an area the size of Switzerland. That is now changing but it will take time. But yes, it is a winnable war.".[67]In March 2008, India's hockey team failed to qualify for the Olympics for the 1st time since the team's debut in 1928. Narender Batra, one of 11 IHF vice presidents, on resigning his position over the failure to qualify,[68] accused Gill of "autocratic functioning", and called on the entire IHF staff to step down. [10] [11] Gill responded that the critics were "professional mourners" who were proud to "run down the establishment",[10] and stated "I will respond to these things at a later stage. We do not have an instant coffee machine that you can get results instantly."[69] [70] [71] Alok Sinha, writing for India Times, noted that the top 2 executives, Gill and the secretary general, did not even talk to one another. [72] There were rumors that the secretary general of the IHF, leader of the anti-Gill faction, would also resign. [73]Less than a month after the qualification failure, in April 2008, Aaj Tak Television reported that it had caught the secretary general of the IHF taking a bribe on camera to choose a player in a "sting".[74][75] There were renewed calls for Gill to resign. [76] [77] After the allegations of corruption within the IHF,[74] the Indian Olympic Association(IOA) on April 28, 2008, suspended the IHF indefinitely. [15][16] [dead link][78] IOA President Suresh Kalmadi said in a press conference that "We have great respect for K P S Gill and it is not personal."[74]Later developments in human rights mattersMain article: Human rights in Punjab, IndiaOn January 16, 1995, Jaswant Singh Khalra, human rights activist and general secretary of the Akali Dal's human rights wing,chaussures christian louboutin, issued a press note alleging that Punjab security organizations had cremated thousands of unidentified bodies. [79] [80][dead link] [81] [82][dead link] Khalra was taken into custody by Punjab Police on 6 September 1995.[7] Human Rights Watch reported that a September 11, 1995 writ of habeas corpus from the Supreme Court was presented to DGP Gill,[32] and officials denied that police had detained him.[7]In 2001, Sardool Singh, speaking for the Zinda Shaheed Police Officers Association, announced to the press “We have decided to return the gallantry medals to the President of India on the occasion of Police Martyr’s Day on October 21 if the cases against us are not withdrawn.” He also said that the association was filing a writ with the Supreme Court that cases be opened against senior police and political staff, including then-Director General of Police KPS Gill, for their "... ordering and certifying the encounters..." that resulted in over 650 junior officers facing human rights violation charges.[83][84][85]In 2003, Khushwant Singh,
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