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The Lion, the Witch and the WardrobeFrom pedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation,searchFor the film adaptation of the novel, see The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. For other uses, see The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (disambiguation).The Lion, the Witchand the Wardrobe Cover of 1950 first edition (hardcover)AuthorC. S. LewisOriginal titleThe Lion. The Witch and the WardrobeTranslatorLWWIllustratorPauline BaynesCover artistPauline BaynesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishSeriesThe Chronicles of NarniaGenre(s)Fantasy, children's literaturePublisherGeoffrey BlesPublication date1950Media typePrint (hardcover and paperback)Pages208 (modern hardcover)ISBNISBN 0-06-023481-4 (modern hardcover)OCLC Number28291231Dewey Decimal[Fic] 20LC ClassificationPZ7.L58474 Li 1994Followed byPrince CaspianThe Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children by C. S. Lewis. Published in 1950 and set in circa 1940, it is the first-published book of The Chronicles of Narnia and is the best known book of the series. Although it was written and published first, it is second in the series' internal chronological order, after The Magician's Nephew. Time magazine included the novel in its TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005.[1]Lewis dedicated the book to his god-daughter, Lucy Barfield.Contents1 Character list2 Plot summary3 Writing4 Illustrations5 Reception6 Allusions7 Differences between the British and American editions8 Adaptations9 Further reading10 References11 External links12 See also[edit] Character listPeter Pevensie is the oldest of the Pevensie siblings. At first, Peter disbelieves Lucy's stories about Narnia, but changes his mind when he sees it for himself. He is hailed as a hero for his part in the overthrow of the White Witch. He is eventually crowned as High King of Narnia, and becomes known as King Peter the Magnificent.Susan Pevensie is the second oldest of the Pevensie children. She also does not believe in Narnia until she actually comes there. She is crowned Queen of Narnia, and becomes known as Queen Susan the Gentle.Edmund Pevensie is the third of the Pevensie children. In Narnia he meets the White Witch, who plies him with treats (Magical Turkish Delight) and smooth talk. Tempted by the White Witch's promise of power and seemingly unending supplies of Turkish Delight, Edmund betrays his siblings, but eventually regrets his actions and repents. After he helps Aslan and the good citizens of Narnia defeat the White Witch, he is crowned King of Narnia with his brother, and becomes known as King Edmund the Just.Lucy Pevensie is the youngest Pevensie child. She is the first of them to discover the land of Narnia when she slips through the magical wardrobe in the professor's house. When Lucy tells her siblings, Peter and Susan refuse to believe her and are convinced that she is just having a game, while Edmund persistently encourages and teases her about it. After the restoration of Narnia, Lucy is crowned Queen of Narnia with her sister Susan, and becomes known as Queen Lucy the Valiant.Jadis, the White Witch comes from the city of Charn, in a dying world. In Narnia she proclaims herself queen and through her magic rules with an iron fist. Her spell on Narnia makes it "always winter but never Christmas". When provoked she uses her wand to turn opponents to stone. But she fears the fulfillment of a prophecy that "two sons of Adam" and "two daughters of Eve" will come to Narnia and help Aslan to overthrow her.Aslan, a lion, is the true ruler of Narnia. He sacrifices himself to spare Edmund, but is resurrected in time to aid the citizens of Narnia and the Pevensie children in their battle against the White Witch and her minions.Mr. Tumnus, a faun, is the first person that Lucy meets in Narnia. Tumnus befriends her, despite the White Witch's standing order to kidnap any human who enters Narnia. After getting to know Lucy, he changes his mind about handing her over to the witch. But he is betrayed accidentally by Edmund, who tells the White Witch, before he knew who she was, that Lucy had met a faun. Tumnus is eventually arrested and turned into stone. He is later restored by Aslan and becomes a close friend of the Pevensies.Professor Digory Kirke takes the Pevensie children in when they are evacuated from London. He is the only one who believes that Lucy did indeed visit Narnia and tries to convince the others of her veracity. The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe hints that he knows more of Narnia than he lets on; The Magician's Nephew reveals that he had been present at Aslan's creation of Narnia.Mrs. Macready is the housekeeper for Professor Kirke when the Pevensies come to stay.Mr. Beaver is a friend of Tumnus. He assists the Pevensies in searching for Tumnus and dethroning the White Witch.Mrs. Beaver is Mr. Beaver's wife.The Dwarf is the White Witch's right hand man. Unnamed in the book, he is called Ginnarbrick in the film, where he has a more significant role.Maugrim/Fenris Ulf, a wolf, is the chief of the White Witch's secret police. She sends him to hunt down the Pevensie children. He is killed by Peter at Peter's first battle.Father Christmas arrives when the Witch's magical hold over Narnia begins to break. He gives Peter, Susan and Lucy gifts, which ultimately will help them defeat the White Witch. (Edmund was with the White Witch at the time.) Mrs Beaver is given a better sewing machine and Mr. Beaver gets his dam completed.Giant Rumblebuffin is turned to stone by the White Witch and brought back to life by Aslan. He breaks down the Witch's gate and crushes some of her army.[edit] Plot summaryWorld War II has just begun and four children, Peter, Susan,manolo blahnik chaussuressuicide bomber on a mission to assassinate Gill. He arrived in Delhi from Pakistan on an Afghan passport. Two kilograms of the explosive RDX, four detonators, and some "live wire"[clarification needed] were recovered from him.[51] In an interview after this incident, Gill claimed that he had been a target of four or five such assassination attempts by Babbar Khalsa, and that he was not afraid.[52]2000 - 2004In 2000 the government of Sri Lanka sought his expertise as an anti-terrorism expert to help them draw a comprehensive counter terrorism strategy against Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam[53] He was approached by Lakshman Kadirgamar who was the foreign minister of Sri Lanka[54] After the defeat of Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam the similarity in the tactics used by Sri Lanka with the tactics used by Gill in Punjab was noted in an article published in India Today[55]He was appointed security adviser to the state of Gujarat after 2002 Gujarat violence.[6] Gujarat Chief minister Narendra Modi commenting on his appointment stated “It is good to have an experienced person such as Gill as my security advisor. Gill had very effectively tackled the Punjab terrorism problem.”[56] He requested deployment of 1,000 extra specially-trained riot police from Punjab state to combat the violence.[57] He was credited with controlling violence after his appointment.[58][59][60][61] He arrived in Gujarat on May 3, 2002[62] He subsequently blamed a 'small group' of people for the Gujarat riots.[63]In April 2003, there was a report that KPS Gill was being considered for the position of governor of Assam. The Northeast Study Group, of which Gill is a member, had advised against assigning a state's previous security personnel to a state as governor. Chief minister of state of Assam agreed, noting that Gill had served as Inspector-General there in the early 1980s.[20]Martin Regg Cohn argued in a Toronto Star editorial that policies followed in Panjab by KPS Gill should be utilized in fighting the Taliban in Afghanistan. [64] An academic paper, "The Gill Doctrine: A Model for 21st Century Counterterrorism?", analysing his tactics in the successful fight against the Punjab insurgency was presented at the annual meeting of American Political Science Association on Aug 30, 2007.[65]2005 - 2009The government of Chattisgarh state in India appointed him a security adviser to help control Naxalites in 2006.[66] After an attack by Naxalites killed 55 policemen in 2007 Gill commented that the issue was one of "underdevelopment in police forces. The state policy was to leave these tribal areas alone and that gave Naxalites a base. There used to be just 3,000 police for an area the size of Switzerland. That is now changing but it will take time. But yes, it is a winnable war.".[67]In March 2008, India's hockey team failed to qualify for the Olympics for the 1st time since the team's debut in 1928. Narender Batra, one of 11 IHF vice presidents, on resigning his position over the failure to qualify,[68] accused Gill of "autocratic functioning", and called on the entire IHF staff to step down. [10] [11] Gill responded that the critics were "professional mourners" who were proud to "run down the establishment",[10] and stated "I will respond to these things at a later stage. We do not have an instant coffee machine that you can get results instantly."[69] [70] [71] Alok Sinha, writing for India Times, noted that the top 2 executives, Gill and the secretary general, did not even talk to one another. [72] There were rumors that the secretary general of the IHF, leader of the anti-Gill faction, would also resign. [73]Less than a month after the qualification failure, in April 2008, Aaj Tak Television reported that it had caught the secretary general of the IHF taking a bribe on camera to choose a player in a "sting".[74][75] There were renewed calls for Gill to resign. [76] [77] After the allegations of corruption within the IHF,[74] the Indian Olympic Association(IOA) on April 28, 2008, suspended the IHF indefinitely. [15][16] [dead link][78] IOA President Suresh Kalmadi said in a press conference that "We have great respect for K P S Gill and it is not personal."[74]Later developments in human rights mattersMain article: Human rights in Punjab, IndiaOn January 16, 1995, Jaswant Singh Khalra, human rights activist and general secretary of the Akali Dal's human rights wing,chaussures christian louboutin, issued a press note alleging that Punjab security organizations had cremated thousands of unidentified bodies. [79] [80][dead link] [81] [82][dead link] Khalra was taken into custody by Punjab Police on 6 September 1995.[7] Human Rights Watch reported that a September 11, 1995 writ of habeas corpus from the Supreme Court was presented to DGP Gill,[32] and officials denied that police had detained him.[7]In 2001, Sardool Singh, speaking for the Zinda Shaheed Police Officers Association, announced to the press “We have decided to return the gallantry medals to the President of India on the occasion of Police Martyr’s Day on October 21 if the cases against us are not withdrawn.” He also said that the association was filing a writ with the Supreme Court that cases be opened against senior police and political staff, including then-Director General of Police KPS Gill, for their "... ordering and certifying the encounters..." that resulted in over 650 junior officers facing human rights violation charges.[83][84][85]In 2003, Khushwant Singh,christian louboutin,[86][87] author of "A History of the Sikhs",[88][89][90][91] wrote a review of "Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab"[92] for The Tribune titled K. P. S. Gill you have questions to answer.[93] Khushwant Singh noted that he supported Gill's use of extrajudicial methods to "stamp out terrorism" as the judicial system was in a state of collapse due to judges being too frightened to rule against the "terrorists." Singh commented on the murder of J.S. Khalra that "There were others like him who were disposed of because the police did not like them." and "It is spine-chilling." Khushwant Singh reported that when asked for comment, Gill's response was "Rubbish." The review continued "Well,Manolo Blahnik Chaussure, Mr Gill, it is not rubbish; you and the Punjab police have quite a few awkward questions to answer." [94][95]In 2004, India's National Human Rights Commission published a list of 2097 bodies cremated as unclaimed. Of those, the Commission had identified 693 at the time.[26]In 2004, Khushwant Singh wrote K.P.S. Gill Is a "Hero" for The Tribune, and stated that "For 10 years, the Punjab countryside..." had been "...in the grip of terrorists..." until KPS Gill and Julio Francis Ribeiro led the Punjab Police to "...put them down with a heavy hand." Khushwant Singh reported allegations that Gill was "...a wanton killer...", but that in his judgement, this view was not correct. [96]In 2005, Special Police Officer Kuldeep Singh testified in court that in October 1995, after Khalra had been beaten and tortured, and bore the signs of torture on his body, then-DGP KPS Gill visited Khalra at SSP Ajit Singh Sandhu's home.[33] He further testified that Gill remained with Khalra in the room for "half an hour", that a few days later Khalra was killed, and finally that on the way back to Jhabal police station after disposing of the body, he was told that Khalra could have saved himself if he had listened to the advice of KPS Gill.[8] [97] [98] Human Rights Watch and Ensaaf (another human rights organization focused on Punjab), argue that KPS Gill had knowledge of Khalra's illegal detention, could reasonably have been expected to have knowledge of his torture, and had the authority and responsibility to order Khalra's release, which would have prevented Khalra's death.[32][97][98][99]On November 18, 2005, six Punjab police officials were convicted and sentenced to seven years imprisonment for Khalra’s abduction and murder.[100] On October 16, 2007, a division bench of Punjab and Haryana High Court chaired by Justices Mehtab Singh Gill and A N Jindal extended the sentence to life imprisonment for four of those convicted: Satnam Singh, Surinder Pal Singh, Jasbir Singh (all former Sub Inspectors) and Prithipal Singh (former Head Constable). [101] [102]Human Rights Watch noted that one case under investigation in 2007 by India's National Human Rights Commission focused on allegations that "thousands" had been killed and cremated by security forces throughout Punjab.[25]1996 conviction for sexual harassmentA senior Indian Administrative Service (IAS) female officer [13][14] filed a complaint against Gill for, in 1988, "patting" her "posterior" at a party where he was alleged to be drunk.[12] In August 1996, Gill was convicted under Section 354 (outraging the modesty of a woman) and Section 509 (word, gesture or act intended to insult a lady), generally summarized as sexual harassment.[12] Gill was sentenced to pay a fine of Rs 2 lakh, be imprisoned rigorously for 3 months and simply for 2 months,[14] and finally to serve 3 years of probation.[12] After final appeals before the Supreme Court in July 2005, the conviction was upheld, and the jail sentences were reduced to probation.[12] The victim had declined to accept the monetary compensation, and the court ordered that it be donated to women's organziations.[12]Future film?Subhash Jha reported that Raj Kumar Santoshi plans to make a movie of the life of KPS Gill. Jha stated that Bollywood actor Sanjay Dutt will play the real life cop who fought resolutely against Khalistan movement terrorism in Punjab at its peak in the late 80s.[103]Opinion and activismGill has been, and remains as of 2010, an outspoken critic of the Indian Government handling of national security issues. He has blamed it for "soft nature and under-preparedness", and argues that policy is formed without input from anti-terrorism experts, and that the country lacks a national security policy.[104][105][106][107][108]Gill argues that Al-Qaeda leadership is bent on Islamic world conquest,[109] and that Pakistan has a long range strategy to revive militancy in Punjab by 2025.[110][111]Awards and honorsHe received a Padma Shri award, India's 4th-highest civilian honor, in 1989 for his work in the civil service.[17]PublicationsGill is editor of the quarterly journal of the ICM, Faultlines: Writings on Conflict and Resolution.[18] He is also an author of the ICM website, South Asia Terrorism Portal.[18]KPS Gill's 1997 book, "Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood"[112] has been reprinted in 2008 in paperback.[113] He edited the 2001 book "Terror And Containment: Perspectives on India's Internal Security" with Ajai Sahni.[114] He also authored "The Global Threat of Terror:Ideological, Material & Political Linkages",christian louboutin chaussures, also with Ajai Sahni.[115]See also1984 anti-Sikh riots1987 Punjab killings1991 Punjab killingsAir India bombingHuman rights in IndiaHuman rights in Punjab, IndiaOperation Blue StarSikh extremismSumedh Singh SainiReferences^ a b c Supercop to the rescue, Indian Express, 2000-05-21^ a b HAZARIKA, SANJOY (May 23, 1988). "Reporter's Notebook; At Sikh Temple, an Uncertain Song Returns". New York Times. 1988/05/23/world/reporter-s-notebook-at-sikh-temple-an-uncertain-song-returns.html. Retrieved 2009-07-09. ^ "Talk Of The Town". The Hindu. Friday, September 21, 2001. thehindu/2001/09/21/stories/14212186.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-02. ""I am a Sikh and I confronted Sikh terrorism in Punjab. There were thousands of people who condemned terrorism and lost their lives."" ^ a b Jyotsna Singh (8 May 2002). "Profile: KPS Gill". BBC News. 1/hi/world/south_asia/1975997.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-19. "Mr Gill is known for his success in rooting out militancy from the Indian state of Punjab..." ^ a b Ajay Bharadwaj (26 October 2008). "Super-cop Gill floats new party". Daily News & Analysis. report.asp?newsid=1201142. Retrieved
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